Fluoride levels in tap water in western Europe

This page has a list of western European cities, with links to the latest information I could find on fluoride concentrations in the tap water of those cities. For each of the 5 most populous countries, namely England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain, the 5 most populous cities or metropolitan areas have been listed. For the other countries with populations of at least 4 million, I have attempted to provide data for the 3 most populous communities in each country.

The fluoride concentrations are predominantly much lower than the 0.7 to 1.0 ppm nominal concentrations most commonly used for artificial water fluoridation, and mostly below 0.2 ppm. The information is not complete but there has been no selective reporting. Apart from in Ireland, which inflicts forced fluoridation on everyone with a public water supply, the only community on the list which is artificially fluoridated is Birmingham, England. No other cities had fluoride concentrations consistently above 0.5 ppm, though Copenhagen is in the ballpark. Information on bottled water is listed on page 3.

Note that even though the fluoride concentrations are overwhelmingly low in comparison to those used for forced fluoridation, they are not necessarily safe. The idea that naturally occurring fluoride is more or less harmless is a myth, and as a point of reference, the average fluoride concentration of breastmilk is around 0.004 ppm (equivalent to 4 parts per billion). Fluoride is a highly toxic, cumulative poison.

All figures below are in parts per million (ppm), or equivalently milligrams per litre (mg/L).

Austria

Austria has never inflicted forced fluoridation on its population.
infoportal trinkwasser
Fluoridkompendium (from 2015 – PDF, 754 KB)

Vienna

Lobau less than 0.20, Moosbrunn less than 0.20
Stadt Wien

Graz

0.05 – 0.08
Holding Graz

Linz

0.074 – 0.1
LINZ AG

Belgium

There is agreement that Belgium has not inflicted forced fluoridation on its population for a long time. According to the following article, forced fluoridation in Belgium had ended by 1988.
• Hileman B (1988). Fluoridation of water: Questions about health risks and benefits remain after more than 40 years. Chemical & Engineering News August 1: 26-42.

Brussels

Callois 0.069, Rode 0.134, Bosvoorde 0.082, Ukkel 0.080, Elsene 0.084, Daussouix-Bosvoorde 0.097
VIVAQUA

Antwerp

AWW-PST 0.33, AWW-PB 0.15
water-link

Liége

unable to find data
cile

Ghent

Leveringsgebied 1 – 0.23, Leveringsgebied 2 – 0.20
Farys (fluoride statement)
Farys (composition)

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Britain

Forced fluoridation is directly inflicted on approximately 9% of Britain’s population. These crimes are all being committed in England (mostly in the West Midlands and the Northeast), with none in Scotland, Wales, or Northern Ireland. Britain is currently under attack, with a plan to force-fluoridate “across the country”.

England

London

“The average fluoride concentration for the Thames Water supplied area in 2020 was 0.14 milligrammes per litre” (from Notes section of water quality reports).
Finsbury Park (N7 0AA – Holloway supply zone) 0.13, East Ham (E12 5AA – Manor Park) 0.17, Hanger Lane & Stonebridge (W3 0AA) 0.13, Brent Cross (NW2 1AA) 0.13, Charlton (SE13 5AA) 0.14, Merton (SW19 1AA) 0.13
Thames Water

Manchester

“Water supplies in the North West are naturally low in fluoride – and normally contain less than 0.2mg fluoride per litre.”
WA1 2BX (Warrington East water supply zone) 0.0317
United Utilities

Birmingham

Occupied by the enemy since 1964. The tap water is fluoride-contaminated wastewater with a nominal fluoride concentration of 1.0 ppm.
Severn Trent – Fluoride Agreements (PDF, 650 KB)
Severn Trent – Check My Water Quality
South Staffs Water – Water Quality Standards
South Staffs Water – Fluoride

Leeds

“No fluoride is added to the water. Any fluoride that is there is naturally occurring.”
LS1 1BA (Leeds LL Bramhope/Holbeck supply zone) 0.078
Yorkshire Water

Southampton

“None of the water supplied by Southern Water has fluoride added to it. Fluoride occurs naturally in very low levels.”
SO15 0AB (Otterbourne Indirect_01 water supply zone) 0.08625
Southern Water

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Scotland

Scotland does not inflict forced fluoridation on its population. That crime ended in 1983 (Attwood 1992, 41).
• Attwood D (1992). Dental health of children before and after the cessation of water fluoridation: volume 1 [PhD thesis]. Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Glasgow.
Scottish Water

Glasgow

Milngavie C3 (G22 5AA) less than 0.12, Picketlaw (G76 0AA) less than 0.12, Carron Valley B (G63 0AA) less than 0.12

Edinburgh

Glencorse C (EH10 4AA) less than 0.12, Castle Moffat (EH41 3AA) less than 0.12, Marchbank A (EH27 8AA) less than 0.12

Aberdeen

Mannofield East (AB10 1BB) less than 0.12, Mannofield South (AB13 0AA) 0.12, Invercannie (AB31 4AA) 0.12

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Croatia

Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. It does not inflict, and as far as I can tell has never inflicted, forced fluoridation on its population.

Zagreb

Mala Mlaka less than 0.05, Petruševec 0.07, Sašnak less than 0.05, Zapruđe 0.06, Strmec 0.07
VIO

Split

0.000058 (the units are given as micrograms per litre so I’ve done the conversion to milligrams per litre, but it may be that they made a mistake and the units were milligrams per litre in the first place – via County Water Monitoring link after translating to English)
Vodovod i Kanalizacija Split

Rijeka

0.02
VK

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Denmark

Denmark has never inflicted forced fluoridation on its population, though the fluoride concentrations of its public water supplies are generally quite high by western European standards.

Copenhagen

Islevbro 0.60, Lejre 0.81, Marbjerg 0.56, Regnemark 0.62, Slangerup 0.51, Søndersø 0.43, Thorsbro 0.35
HOFOR

Aarhus

0.26
Aarhus Vand

Odense

Hovedværket 0.31, Holmehaveværket 0.31, Lindvedværket 0.59, Lundeværket 0.31, Dalumværket 0.29
VandCenterSyd

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Finland

Finland does not inflict forced fluoridation on its population. The Finnish town of Kuopio was forced fluoridated between 1959 and 1992, and to my knowledge this form of state-sponsored terrorism was not perpetrated anywhere in Finland after 1992.

Helsinki (incl. some of Espoo)

Pitkäkoski 0.1, Vanhakaupunki 0.1
HSY
Espoo

Tampere

less than 0.15
Tampereen Vesi

Turku

0.080
Turun Seudun Vesi Oy

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France

France has never inflicted forced fluoridation on its population.

Paris

centre 0.0, est 0.2, nordouest 0.1, sudouest 0.0
eau de Paris

Lyon

0.13 (from 2017)
Eau du Grand Lyon
Eau du Grand Lyon (PDF, 53 KB)

Marseille

Sainte-Marthe 0.043, St Barnabe 0.058, Vallon d’Ol 0.041
Eaux de Marseille

Lille

unable to find data
iléo L’eau de la Mel

Toulouse

unable to find data
ARS Occitanie
toulouse

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Germany

The reunified Germany, which came into existence in 1990, has never inflicted forced fluoridation on its population.

Ruhrgebiet

Essen 0.11; Dortmund: Hengsen 0.1, Villigst 0.09, Westhofen 0.09, Witten 0.11, Halingen 0.09; Duisburg 0.11, 0.14, 0.13, 0.12; Bochum 0.11, 0.10
Stadtwerke Essen
DEW21
Stadtwerke Duisburg
Stadtwerke Bochum

Berlin

Beelitzhof 0.21, Friedrichshagen 0.18, Kaulsdorf 0.24, Kladow 0.19, Spandau 0.16, Stolpe 0.20, Tegel 0.19, Tiefwerder 0.14, Wuhlheide 0.29
Berliner Wasserbetriebe

Hamburg

Baursberg 0.08, Curslack 0.17, Haseldorfer Marsch 0.08, Nordheide 0.10, Süderelbmarsch 0.14
Hamburg Wasser

Cologne – Bonn

Cologne: linksrheinisch und Pulheim 0.13, rechtsrheinisch less than 0.05; Bonn less than 0.1
RheinEnergie
SWB Energie und Wasser

Munich

0.2
Stadtwerke München

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Ireland (Republic of)

Dublin, Cork, Limerick…

Occupied by the enemy. Fluoride, which is highly toxic, nonbiodegradable, and bioaccumulative, is dumped into all of the Republic of Ireland’s public water supplies, with nominal fluoride concentrations of somewhere between 0.6 and 0.8 ppm. This crime has been perpetrated continuously since 1964. The nominal fluoride concentration was previously 1.0 ppm.
Irish Water (fluoridewit propaganda)
Irish Water (drinking water quality)

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Italy

Italy has never inflicted forced fluoridation on its population.

Rome

Zona 1 Monteverde Vecchio 0.13, Zona 2 Peschiera Capore + Vigne Nuove 0.11, Zona 3 Peschiera Capore 0.12, Zona 4 Nuovo Vergine Prevalente 0.36, Zona 5 Acqua Marcia less than 0.10, Zona 6 Appio Alessandrino HC 0.13, Zona 7 Appio Alessandrino LC 0.13, Zona 8 Acqua Marcia + Peschiera Capore 0.10, Zona 9 Ostia e Acilia 0.12
acea acqua

Milan

less than 0.50
La Tua Acqua

Naples

0.3
ABC

Turin

less than 0.10
SMAT

Palermo

0.25
AMAP S.p.A

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Netherlands

The Netherlands does not inflict forced fluoridation on its population. Forced fluoridation ceased in 1973 (Attwood 1992, 33).
• Attwood D (1992). Dental health of children before and after the cessation of water fluoridation: volume 1 [PhD thesis]. Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Glasgow.

Amsterdam

0.09
Waternet

Rotterdam

Berenplaat (3197 XA) 0.21, Kralingen (3113 AA) 0.21
Evides

The Hague

Scheveningen 0.23, Katwijk 0.23, Monster 0.23
Dunea Duin & Water

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Norway

Norway has never inflicted forced fluoridation on its population.

Oslo

0.04
Oslo kommune

Bergen

Espeland 0.17, Jordalsvatnet 0.17, Kismul 0.18, Risnes 0.18, Svartediket 0.17, Sædalen 0.18
Bergen kommune

Stavanger

unable to find data
IVAR

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Portugal

Portugal does not inflict forced fluoridation on its population. Depending on which source you believe, Portugal has either never perpetrated any forced fluoridation, or had one experimental treatment plant which was discontinued no later than 1988 (Hileman 1988, 30).
• Hileman B (1988). Fluoridation of water: Questions about health risks and benefits remain after more than 40 years. Chemical & Engineering News August 1: 26-42.

Lisbon

less than 0.100 to 0.312
EPAL

Vila Nova de Gaia

0.1
Águas de Gaia

Porto

0.11
Águas do Porto

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Spain

The journal article below shows that tap water in Spain is mostly well below the fluoride concentrations used for artificial fluoridation. The Basque Country is the only region in which forced fluoridation is the norm, as a result of legislation passed in 1998 which imposes it on cities with more than 30,000 inhabitants. At this point I am not able to make a precise estimate, but based on information from many sources, forced fluoridation is probably inflicted on no more than 5% of the Spanish population.
• Vitoria I et al (2014). Flúor en aguas de consumo público españolas y prevención de la caries dental (Fluoride content in tap water in Spain and prevention of dental caries). Gaceta Sanitaria 28(3): 255-256.

Madrid

less than 0.1
Canal de Isabel II

Barcelona

Avenida Diagonal 1 – 0.15
Aigües de Barcelona

Valencia

0.27
Aguas de Valencia

Seville

less than 0.2
EMASESA

Zaragoza

less than 0.15
Zaragoza Ayuntamiento

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Sweden

Sweden does not inflict forced fluoridation on its population. Forced fluoridation ceased in 1962.

Stockholm

Norsborg less than 0.20, Lovö less than 0.20
Stockholm Vatten och Avfall

Gothenburg

less than 0.1
Göteborgs Stad

Malmö

0.23
VASYD

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Switzerland

Switzerland does not inflict forced fluoridation on its population. Forced fluoridation ceased in 2003.

Zürich

0.071
Stadt Zürich – Departement der Industriellen Betriebe

Geneva

0.10
SIG

Basel

0.15
iwb

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